628 lines
32 KiB
HTML
628 lines
32 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="renderer" content="webkit">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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<meta name="viewport"
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content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
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<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp">
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<meta name="keywords" content="华兴信朗科技有限公司，大数据、果园植保机、设施农业、智慧矿山、无人农场、高标准农田建设、智能阀门、智能闸门、农业智慧园区案例">
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<meta name="description" content="华兴信朗科技有限公司，大数据、果园植保机、设施农业、智慧矿山、无人农场、高标准农田建设、智能阀门、智能闸门、农业智慧园区案例">
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<title>
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胡鞍钢：探索中国水治理之道_华兴信朗科技有限公司 </title>
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<meta name="description" content="华兴信朗科技有限公司，大数据、果园植保机、设施农业、智慧矿山、无人农场、高标准农田建设、智能阀门、智能闸门、农业智慧园区案例">
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<meta name="keywords" content="华兴信朗科技有限公司，大数据、果园植保机、设施农业、智慧矿山、无人农场、高标准农田建设、智能阀门、智能闸门、农业智慧园区案例">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="images/base.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="images/inside.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="images/adver.css">
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<script src="js/jquery.min.js"></script>
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<script src="js/swiper.min.js"></script>
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<body>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="js/animate.min.css">
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<script src="js/wow.min.js"></script>
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<script>
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new WOW().init();
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</script>
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<div class="wrapper">
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<div class="header">
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<div class="top">
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<div class="head clearfix">
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<div class="headc clearfix">
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<div class="logo">
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<a href="display.php-242.html"><img src="upload/2023-02/167625731199082900.png" width="276"
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alt="华兴信朗科技有限公司"></a>
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</div>
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<div class="headcr">
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<div class="nav">
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<ul class="clearfix">
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<li><a href="display.php-242.html" class="a1">网站首页</a></li>
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<li><a href="about.php.html?class_id=101" class="a1">走进华兴</a>
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<div class="sub01">
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101101">公司介绍</a>
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101102">企业文化</a>
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101103">发展历程</a>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101104">科技研发</a>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101105">荣誉资质</a>
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101106">合作伙伴</a>
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757387027265500.jpg" alt="走进华兴"
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<li><a href="info.php.html?class_id=102" class="a1">智慧园区案例</a>
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<dt><a href="info.php-1.html?class_id=102101">物联网解决方案</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-2.html?class_id=102102">大数据</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-3.html?class_id=102103">工业互联网</a></dt>
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</dl>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757406759387400.jpg" alt="智慧园区案例"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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<li><a href="info.php-4.html?class_id=103" class="a1">产品展示</a>
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<dt><a href="info.php-5.html?class_id=103101">华润(双跨工业互联网案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-6.html?class_id=103104">蒙牛(智能生产运营管理案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-7.html?class_id=103103">神华锦界矿山(智慧矿山案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-8.html?class_id=103102">烽火创新谷(智慧园区案例)</a>
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</dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2024-02/170830731151664300.jpg" alt="产品展示"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><a href="info.php-9.html?class_id=104" class="a1">典型案例</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-10.html?class_id=104101">双跨工业互联网</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-11.html?class_id=104102">智能生产</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-12.html?class_id=104103">智慧矿山</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-13.html?class_id=104104">智慧园区</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-13.html?class_id=104104">数字展厅</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757408007094200.jpg" alt="典型案例"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li class='current'><a href="info.php-14.html?class_id=105" class="a1">新闻中心</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-14.html">企业新闻</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-14.html">媒体关注</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757408606656700.jpg" alt="新闻中心"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><a href="info.php-17.html?class_id=107" class="a1">加入华兴</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-17.html?class_id=107101">联系我们</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="https://www.zhaopin.com/companydetail/CC285666413.htm"
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target="_blank">人才招聘</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-03/167808272633247200.jpg" alt="加入华兴"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<!-- <li class="on"><a href="https://b2b.baidu.com/shop?name=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&xzhid=49549995&tpath=index&from=ent_card&prod_type=91" target="_blank" class="a1">爱采购店铺</a></li> -->
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="headcrr">
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<div class="asearch serbot"><img src="images/search1_09.png"></div>
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<div class="alau">
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<a href="display.php-242.html" class="zh">中文</a>
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<a href="#" target="_blank" class="en">EN</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="head head2 clearfix">
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<div class="headc clearfix">
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<div class="logo">
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<a href="display.php-242.html"><img src="upload/2023-02/167625733028387500.png" width="276"
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alt="华兴信朗科技有限公司"></a>
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</div>
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<div class="headcr">
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<div class="nav">
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<ul class="clearfix">
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<li><a href="display.php-242.html" class="a1">网站首页</a></li>
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<li><a href="about.php.html?class_id=101" class="a1">走进华兴</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101101">公司介绍</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101102">企业文化</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101103">发展历程</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101104">科技研发</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101105">荣誉资质</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a
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href="about.php.html?class_id=101#location101106">合作伙伴</a>
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</dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757387027265500.jpg" alt="走进华兴"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><a href="info.php.html?class_id=102" class="a1">智慧园区案例</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-1.html?class_id=102101">物联网解决方案</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-2.html?class_id=102102">大数据</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-3.html?class_id=102103">工业互联网</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2023-02/167757406759387400.jpg" alt="智慧园区案例"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><a href="info.php-4.html?class_id=103" class="a1">产品展示</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-5.html?class_id=103101">华润(双跨工业互联网案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-6.html?class_id=103104">蒙牛(智能生产运营管理案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-7.html?class_id=103103">神华锦界矿山(智慧矿山案例)</a>
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</dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-8.html?class_id=103102">烽火创新谷(智慧园区案例)</a>
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</dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="sub02">
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<img src="upload/2024-02/170830731151664300.jpg" alt="产品展示"
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width="100%" height="auto">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><a href="info.php-9.html?class_id=104" class="a1">典型案例</a>
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<div class="sub">
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<div class="g-in clearfix">
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<div class="sub01">
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<dl class="clearfix">
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<dt><a href="info.php-10.html?class_id=104101">双跨工业互联网</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="info.php-11.html?class_id=104102">智能生产</a></dt>
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<h1>胡鞍钢：探索中国水治理之道</h1>
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<p class="titBar">发布日期：2015-08-11 浏览次数：688</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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水在中国的经济社会发展和生态文明建设中的地位举足轻重，不仅关系到防洪、供水、粮食安全，而且关系到经济、生态和国家安全。尽管改革开放30多年来中国创造了经济增长的奇迹，但是中国面临的水问题越来越复杂、越来越突出：水旱灾害频繁，水资源供需矛盾突出，水环境趋向不断恶化，水生态退化问题严重，气候变化使水问题更为严峻。可以说，水的问题已经成为中国经济社会发展的瓶颈制约，生态文明建设的主要短板。水的挑战对中国的绿色发展转型已构成重大挑战。
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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历史上，大江大河都是世界上各类大小文明的发源地与摇篮。中国文明不仅传承下来，而且养育了世界最多人口的原因之一，就是治水历来是中华民族安民兴邦的大事。上古有大禹治水，汉有武帝指挥堵塞黄河决口，清有康熙将黄河河务、漕运作为施政之要务；新中国成立之后更是强化了治水的物质和人力资本投入。在中国，治水成功就是治国成功，历史是如此，现在是如此，未来还是如此。
|
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
|
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水问题表面上看是资源环境的问题，实质上是一个典型的治理问题。如面对众多的水问题，没有能够及时作出政策调整，不能确立与其相适应的制度安排，水资源短缺和水环境恶化的趋势便得不到遏制。中国目前面临的“水多、水少、水脏、水浑”等相互交织的几大水问题，根源是在新的经济社会条件下，不良的制度和不健全的机制，导致的不当激励和不合理的资源分配，这就是所谓“劣治”。水问题的应对，根本上需要与时俱进，推动治道变革，改革和调整治理机制，建立“良治”的新型治理模式，以实现公共利益最大化。
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
|
|||
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中国人喜欢用“道”表征寓于宇宙万物背后的真理，对治理之道的探究，实际上是对有关治理的普遍规律的探索。这种探索应当从实践中来，是对实践经验的观察和总结，又要回到实践中去，其成果用以指导实践的开展。这样的探索由表及里、由浅入深，可以划分为信息、知识、理论和智慧4个层次。信息是认识事物的出发点，将信息进行筛选和汇总，就得到知识；将知识进行系统的分析和验证，就得到理论；理论的进一步综合和升华，就形成了智慧。智慧是信息、知识、理论三者积累到一定程度后升华的产物。因此，基于中国的治理实践，整理信息、生产知识、创造理论、提炼智慧，构成了探索中国治理之道的具体途径。“道”的至高智慧，需要经过地方的“试点”，反复的“试错”，不断的总结和实践的检验，才能够逐渐呈现出来，成为人们的认识与共识。对“良治”之道的探索，需要经历长期的实践、认识、再实践的反复过程。
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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水治理如何实现“良治”，是中国治理的最大难题之一。清华大学国情研究院对水治理的研究，已经有十几年的时间。我们对中国水问题的关注，最早是从黄河断流开始的。黄河洪水自古以来闻名于世，改革开放以来，随着用水量的快速增长，水资源短缺的问题日益突出，黄河断流就是这一矛盾的突出表现。黄河下游从1972年开始断流，进入20世纪90年代年年断流，1997年达到最高峰，断流天数达到226天。1998年，黄河断流成为社会各界关注的重大问题。
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
|
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关于黄河断流的成因，治黄工作者强调黄河水资源先天缺乏和工程调蓄能力的不足，水文水资源专家强调降雨量和天然径流量的减少，地质学家强调黄河源头地质条件的改变，泥沙专家强调水土保持减沙的减水效应，经济学者强调水价过低、水资源利用效率低下。我们提出了“体制失效说”，认为虽然自然因素是黄河断流的重要原因，但不宜夸大，黄河断流的直接原因是人为因素，而根本原因是流域水资源管理不善和配置不当，断流现象背后的实质是流域水分配制度的失效。黄河分水制度中存在市场失效、政府失灵和产权失效现象。
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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基于上述判断，我们提出应对流域水资源配置的不平衡和效率低下，应重新界定政府和市场的关系，通过引入水权市场优化资源配置，而为了在流域内建立水权市场，需要相应的民主协商机制和利益补偿机制作为保障。我们建议积极引入既不同于传统“指令配置”也不同于“完全市场”的“准市场”，即地方政府作为水权代表，通过政治民主协商的方式在流域上下游形成水市场。这种新思路后来逐步在黄河流域治理中实现。
|
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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作为一种具有混合特性和稀缺性的自然资源，水资源的分配是一种利益分配，既不能全部依靠政府配置，也不能完全依靠市场自由配置，而是需要更为复杂的混合制度安排。在计划经济时代，黄河的治理目标主要是防洪减淤，因而主要依靠工程技术治理是有效的。随着经济社会的转型，水资源利用的增加，黄河的治理目标又增加了水资源管理和水环境保护，这仅靠工程技术就难以解决问题了，既有的体制也就面临失效。政策调整缓慢、制度建设滞后，这是导致黄河断流问题产生的深层次教训。黄河断流的危机实质是治理危机。
|
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
|
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黄河断流是世纪之交中国水问题的缩影。在过去的十几年时间里，在应对复杂水问题的解决对策过程中，中国明显加快了水治理变革，并取得了一系列重要进展。包括治水理念的转变，从无节制地向大自然索取转向人与自然和谐共处，从人水互斥、人水冲突走向人水共处、人水和谐；管理体制的改革，强调水资源的统一管理和流域综合管理，实施最严格水资源管理制度；治水手段的创新，引入水权和水市场等市场手段、现代信息手段、公众参与等多元化的手段。治水之道变革取得显著成效，如黄河断流等问题明显缓解等。
|
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</p>
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">
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中国治水之道变革的探索，符合一般的认知规律。从最初对水问题信息的认识，到形成对水危机的系统知识，再到摸索应对水危机的创新理论，逐步积累形成新时期治水的智慧。人水和谐的治水新智慧，符合中华文明“天人合一”的大道，以其统领新时期的治水实践，顺应了世界和中国绿色发展的潮流；最严格水资源制度的“三条红线”（水资源开发利用控制红线，到2030年全国用水总量控制在7000亿立方米以内；用水效率控制红线，到2030年用水效率达到或接近世界先进水平；水功能区限制纳污红线，到2030年主要污染物入河湖总量控制在水功能区纳污能力范围之内，水功能区水质达标率提高到95\%以上），是有中国特色的水资源管理理论，是人水和谐理念指导下的治水新举措；水权和水市场理论，是指导水资源管理中引入市场机制的新思路，有助于提高水资源配置的公平和效率。随着治水实践的进一步发展，关于水治理的信息和知识还会不断增多，治水的理论和智慧将会更加丰富。
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</p>
|
|||
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;"> </p>
|
|||
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<p style="text-indent: 2em;">（来源：摘自2015年6月12日《中国社会科学报》）</p>
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